Masters and doctoral programs in mathematics education integrate theoretical and practical work and reflect new conceptualizations about teaching and learning. A major focus is on implementing, studying, and refining constructivist approaches to learning and teaching mathematics in a wide variety of classrooms. Data gathered in these classrooms serve as the basis for both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the ways students think about mathematics, the development of that mathematical thinking, and the thinking of teachers about both mathematics and students. Much of the coursework, therefore, deals with observation and analysis of children doing mathematics, the creation of instructional settings and materials that contribute to meaningful mathematics learning, and the roles of technology in mathematics learning and teaching.